![]() These included a marabi/ swing fusion called African jazz and jive, a generic term for any popular marabi style of music. By the 1930s, however, marabi had incorporated new instruments - guitars, concertinas and banjos - and new styles of marabi had sprung up. Practitioners played marabi on pianos with accompaniment from pebble-filled cans, often in shebeens, establishments that illegally served alcohol to black people. Marabi, a style from the slums of Johannesburg, was the early "popular music" of the townships and urban centres of South Africa. In the early-twentieth century governmental restrictions on black people increased, including a nightly curfew which kept the nightlife in Johannesburg relatively small for a city of its size (then the largest city south of the Sahara). In the 1890s Orpheus McAdoo's Jubilee Singers popularised African-American spirituals. By the end of the nineteenth century, South African cities such as Cape Town were large enough to attract foreign musicians, especially American ragtime players. ![]() Modern country's early musician Enoch Sontonga wrote the Southern African national anthem Nkosi Sikelel' iAfrika in 1897. ![]() Early records of music in southern Africa indicate a fusion of cultural traditions: African, European and Asian. ![]()
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